Wake Images
Finite Depth Effects
Water depth can have a significant effect on the far-field waves created by ships and consequently on their wave resistance. The figures in this section were created using the computer program Michlet.

The above figure shows the far-field wave pattern for a 142 metre DDG51 destroyer travelling at 30 knots in infinitely deep water. The length-based Froude number is 0.41; the depth-based Froude number, Fh, is 0.
At Fh=0.8 the enveloping wedge is wider, and the transverse wavelength is longer.
As Fh increases towards 1 (the critical Froude number), the wave pattern changes dramatically. The angle of the enveloping wedge (the Kelvin angle) widens, until at Fh=1 it is perpendicular to the ship's track. In the above figure Fh=0.95 and it can be seen that the enveloping wedge is significantly wider; the transverse wavelength is almost twice as long as for the infinitely-deep situation.
At Fh=1.05 (i.e. just above the critical speed) transverse waves have almost disappeared and the Kelvin angle is very large.
The above figure shows the wave pattern for Fh=1.4. For this supercritical speed transverse waves are still absent but the Kelvin angle is narrower than for the cases close to the critical speed.

Wake Images